Utilitarian Moral Theory Essay Example for Free

Utilitarian Moral Theory Essay Present in your own words the basic elements of a utilitarian moral theory. Utilitarianism is established as a theory promoting increasing utility and especially the happiness of as many people as possible. Utilitarian’s believe the function of morality as a social institution, is to advocate humans well-being by increasing welfare and decreasing damage. Thus, moral rules are regarded as a way to accomplish individual needs and meet social aims. The first basic element of a utilitarian moral theory is The Principle of Utility. In which, it’s important to understand that behaviours are considered correct when they foster happiness and wrong when they spread unhappiness. The public benefits of health care, research, medicine and so on should be maximised. The second element is A Theory of Value, in which utilitarians consider what is good as happiness, fulfilment of wants and ambitions and achieving conditions such as liberty, understanding, security, health and deep relationships with loved ones. Utilitarians tend to look into production of good as an innate value, which doesn’t differ among people. Hedonistic approaches conceive that only happiness can be inherently good, conversely pluralistic approaches believe that values other than happiness have worth such as personal victory, knowledge, friendship, autonomy, love and culture. Since the hedonistic and pluralistic approaches tend to clash, many utilitarians define good as being an object or substance that is subjectively coveted and wanted. The third element, Consequentialism means that actions are only seen as right when the results of actions are good not when the intent of actions is good. It doesn’t mean that future results should be foreseen, only that when judging the cause of an action it should be ensured that the consequence of that action endeavours to generate the best utilitarian conclusion. The last element is Impartiality which means all parties concerned in an action must be considered impartially. From a moral perspective people should receive unbiased judgement regardless of their gender, race and disabilities. This utlilitarian theory comes under general normative ethics. There are many elements of utilitarianism but the four described above are the most important ones and must be met for the sake of permitting a utilitarian theory.

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes

Managerial Research In Decision Making Processes Managerial research is a broad topic that covers a range of aspects, whether these are strategic, tactical or technical. People often confuse Managerial research with other research forms, but in fact managerial research differs to a great extent from social and other research types. Managerial research is different in such a way because it explores about the core elements that are needed to make prosper the business instead of searching such information that are not productive or result oriented. The managerial research is important because managers at all stages require timely and exact information for decision making. Whatever the decision making stage is, whether it is of tactical, operational or strategic level, the accurate information are required to for better decision making. At managerial level gathering of information is done through a sound and scientific research process. Each year organizations spend enormous amounts of money for research and development in order to mai ntain their competitive edge. Accurate information obtained through research leads to enormous benefits. In short, Managerial research is practical and finds its application in many places to identify the various characteristics and key factors responsible for the success of the firm and the products it develops. This research paper shows detailed and at length description of managerial research to describe that this type of research is different from other research methods. Definition of Research Research is the procedure of carefully studying and evaluating the situational elements surrounding an issue in order to search for solutions to it. A systematic thorough inquiry or inspection to find new information or correlations and to expand/verify current knowledge for some particular purpose. Why We Do Research? Exploration: Discovering problems of concern, growing understanding of the issue Description: Finding out, defining what is, what is the condition? Where are we now? Explanation: Explaining how or why things are as they are (and utilizing this to predict), Answering questions, resolving issues, testing hypotheses, assessment research evaluation of strategies, policies, plans and practices Difference between Managerial Research Other Research Artistic Research One of the attributes of Artistic Research is that it must take subjectivity as opposite to the classical scientific techniques. As such, it is parallel to the social sciences in utilizing quantitative research and intersubjectivity as tools to apply measurement and critical analysis Historical Method The historical technique comprises the methods and strategies by which historians utilize historical sources and other proof to research and then to write history. There are different history rules generally utilized by historians in their work, under the headings of external criticism, internal criticism, and synthesis. This contains higher criticism and textual criticism. Though items may vary depending on the subject matter and examiners, the subsequent concepts are generally part of most formal historical study: Managerial Research Managerial research is practical and finds its application in several places to recognize the different characteristics and major factors accountable for the success of the company and the goods it develops. It usually looks into future trend rather that wasting time in some art or thinking in past. Usually, firms would like to know the level of consumer satisfaction of the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s product and here managerial research will be helpful. Managerial research is also helpful for doing a pilot study to introduce a new product and the different applications and guidelines of managerial research in business decision making. The firms take decision even before introducing new products through managerial research. Managerial research supports them to recognize that whether the product will be viable in firmà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s interest or not. For this purpose different techniques have been utilizing to gather relevant data for better decision making through various paradigms e.g. competitive intelligence, SWOT analysis, financial analysis, Ansoff situation analysis, etc. Managerial research can be utilized to gather data about markets, rivals, and consumers that the other two techniques cannot do so. For instance, managerial research can help identify the most favorable business location and the size of marketplaces. It can also be utilized to monitor competitive actions. Consumer research decides customer loyalty, client satisfaction, and client preferences. In this way a managers job is different and difficult. Managers need some expertise to perform the responsibilities and activities related with being a manager. What kind of expertise does a manager require? Research by Robert L. Katz discovered that managers required three basic expertises. These are technical, human and conceptual expertise. Technical skills contain information of and excellence in a certain specialized domain, for example engineering, computers, financial and managerial accounting, or production. These expertises are more significant at lower levels of administration since these supervisors are coping directly with workers doing the companyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work. Human skills engage the capability to work well with other individuals both separately and in a group. Because managers cope directly with individuals, this skill is essential! Managers with good human skills are capable to get the best out of their individuals. They recognize how to int eract, stimulate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and confidence. These expertises are equally significant at all levels of administration. Eventually conceptual skills are the skills managers must have to consider and conceptualize about abstract and difficult situations. Utilizing these skills managers must be capable to see the company as an entity, understand the correlation among different subunits, and visualize how the company fits into its wider setting. Need of Managerial Research Producers need managerial research because they need to convince people to expand their business span through purchasing their products. In order to capture target audience they introduce new Managerial research with new trends and technologies, these trends persuade people to buy the product which actually increases the sales of company and reduces cost per unit. On the other side economic scale of company boost up and give a major rise to profit of company. As things happen very rapid in the technology world and if companies want to stay competitive they need to move up with the latest Managerial research. It is chiefly factual for the managerial research. There exist many ways of Managerial research so a company need to keep abreast of the new Managerial research in business if a company wants to be thrived. As compare to the physical markets there exist lessen barriers in internet managerial research. The reason is the reduction of overhead and it shows that there are so many com petitors in the business field. The main phenomenon to be thrived in t he market by following managerial research in order to assure that the business will be conspicuous. By following the latest trend of managerial research the company will put themselves on the cutting edge. A lot of the managerial research is seemed nice and once it is implemented they serve to make the business stand out. It helps business users and producers to expand their business. If firm is following all managerial research standards then it will be able to diversified advertisement so it will be able to compete in market. More attractive and impressive advertisement will not only increase sales but also will help in capturing market. Managerial Research Role in Decision Making At the beginning, it may be stated that business research or for that matter any research does not provide an exact answer to any issue but only help in making a good choice. Research is one of the four elements for making suitable and enduring decisions leading to interests of the business and ultimately its owners. A good place to begin is with some standard descriptions of decision making. Decision making is the research of recognizing and selecting options based on the values and priorities of the decision taker. Making a decision implies that there are substitute options to be measured, and in such a situation we want not only to recognize as several of these substitutes as feasible but to select the one that (1) has the utmost probability of achievement or success and (2) best fits with our objectives, desires, way of life, values, and so on. Decision making is the procedure of sufficiently decreasing insecurity and uncertainty about substitutes to permit a reasonable selection to be made from among them. This description stresses the information-collecting process of decision making. It should be eminent here that doubt is decreased rather than removed. Very few choices are made with exact certainty because total understanding about all the substitutes is seldom potential. Thus, every deci sion engages a certain amount of threat. If there is no doubt, you do not have a choice; you have an algorithma set of steps or a recipe that is pursued to bring about a set result. Managerial research for marketing is use for evaluating process, evaluating actual customer need, and for complete decision making. Decision making is quite difficult process and put the decision taker at a ground where he starts comparing hid decision options. The first problem he face is he wont be able to finalize the actual demand of result fir the decision has been taken. Managerial research helps identifying policy alternatives. Much work on knowledge exchange has concentrated on helping observers present their work into the decision-making procedure. Equally essential is the need for decision-making companies to be able of utilizing research in their decision-making. This ability engages a company having the capability to find the research proof it requires, judge its dependability, quality, significance, and applicability, adapt it into a possible format, and implement it. Problem solving and decision-making are important managerial expertise for business and life. Issue-resolving often engages decision-making and that is particularly essential for administration and management. There are procedures and methods to enhance decision-making and the quality of choices. Decision-making is more ordinary to certain traits, so these individuals should concentrate more on enhancing the quality of their choices. Individuals that are less normal decision-makers are often capable to make quality evaluations, but then require being more strong-minded in acting upon the evaluations made. Issue-resolving and decision-making are intimately connected, and each needs creativity in recognizing and developing choices, for which the brainstorming method is specifically helpful. SWOT analysis helps evaluate the power of a firm, a business proposal or idea; PEST analysis helps to evaluate the possible and appropriateness of a market. Good decision-making needs a mixture of e xpertise: creative progress and identification of choices, lucidity of judgment, determination of decision, and successful implementation. For group issue-resolving and decision-making, or when a harmony is needed, workshops support, within which you can include these tools and procedures as suitable. Here are some helpful techniques for successful decision-making and issue-resolving: First a simple step-by-step procedure for successful decision-making and issue-resolving. Conclusion Managerial research is the process that facilitates an organization to focus its target audience on the greatest opportunities for increasing the sales and achieve a stay over Managerial research competition. Mainly it cater its key concept that to make a sustainable competitive advantage. Managerial research is introduced by focusing on organization sales and cost per unit. It helps company to figure out the consumption of resources and energies that lead towards the increasing in sale and dominate in the competitive world of managerial research.

Examination Of Telenor Pakistan And Its Human Resources Management

Examination Of Telenor Pakistan And Its Human Resources Management We are here to help our clients obtain the maximum advantage of communications services in their day to day life. The answer to achieve this vision is a state of mind where all of us work side by side. Whilst assuring it easy and simple to buy use our services. We make sure that we keep our promises staying reverent of disparity. We Inspire public to discover new ways. Section # 1 Understand how the HR plans supports the strategic objectives Learning Outcome # 1 Telenor Group Telenor is a global supplier of high quality data and media communication services. Telenor is ranked the 7th  largest mobile operator with a total of  164 million  subscribers in its mobile operations. Telenor Pakistan Telenor Group is the only owner of Telenor Pakistan which is an international contents and communication services, voice and data provider of high in fourteen marketplaces across Europe and Asia. With over 1.79 Million mobile users (Q1 2010) and about 40,000 employees the Telenor Group is one of the largest mobile operators around the globe. With a massive investment of above 2 billion US$ Telenor Pakistan is the countrys biggest EU investor. Telenor Pakistan got a GSM license in the Year 2004 and started commercial Operations on 15th March, 2005. A report that was published in the end of May this year Telenor subscribers are more than 23.5 Million. It also holds the 24 percent of the market claiming the 2nd largest Mobile operator. Currently Telenor in Pakistan has developed itself to become the top mobile service provide. The headquarter of Telenor Pakistan is in Islamabad, it has many regional officers in Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Faisalabad and Hyderabad. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/about/history.php) Define Values Values are qualities, principles, attitudes or beliefs about the inherent worth of an object, behavior or idea. Values guide action by sanctioning certain behaviors and negating others. Values and beliefs are essential factors in design and implementation of nursing interventions (Guttman, 2000) CORE VALUES OF TELENOR The core values of Telenor Pakistan are as followings: Keep the Promises At Telenor keep the promises means that whatever the plan they chose it should work, however if it doesnt works, they are always here to assist. Telenor believes in delivering whatever they have promised so they believe in doing instead just sayings. They always fulfil what they say. Make it Easy Telenor do not make things difficult. They are very practical and they try their best that whatever they do should be simple and should be very easy to understand. As they say that they never forget that they are making the customers life easier. Be Respectful At Telenor they admit and value local cultures. They do not compel one formula all over the worldwide. They wish to be a part of local neighbourhood anywhere they operate. At Telenor they deem faithfulness has to be earned. Be Inspiring At Telenor they are inspired they struggle to bring liveliness to the things they do. They try that everything they deliver should appear good, up to date and fresh. At Telenor they are obsessive regarding their business and clients. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/about/coreValues.php) Strategic capabilities of Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan has got outstanding tactical capabilities in terms of Resource-based, self-motivated competence and is doing well in developing the strategic capabilities. Resource Based Strategy Telenor Pakistan has got a mixture of sources such the branches of Telenor Pakistan are spread across the country. These branches are well equipped with all infrastructures furnished for effective running of organization. In addition to this adequate utilities are available for the effectiveness of service providing to the customers and the employees of the Company. Raw materials like broachers and product folders are well planned to keep the strategic path in production processes. As it is a service based company human resources are the key asset to the organization. Fiscal resources of Telenor Pakistan are prearranged with Capital investments and sufficient flow of resources in terms of cash through Creditors and debtors of the organization. Logically the organisation has a superior repute and goodwill in the market and they have got copyright of their products along with systems and data storage devices. Telenor Pakistan employees play a vital role in business procedures associated with several advisors and franchises that have thorough knowledge skills servicing the customers. Types of Resources and competencies To persuade the minimum requirements of the customers Telenor Pakistan had enough Threshold Capital and there by stays on top in the market. Thanks to its excellent services like crystal clear voice quality, best reception in rural, urban and suburban areas i.e. across the country, unmatched call rates and calling packages Telenor Pakistan has gained competitive advantage adding value unmatched thus Winning Core Competencies against its competitors like Mobilink GSM and Ufone. In resolving the issues of timing satisfying the need of customers the organisation hardly ever but has got the Redundancy competencies. With their proficiency and expertise Telenor Pakistan has gained Core competency in the target customers and satisfy them by providing great services for the money. Dynamic Capabilities of the Company Telenor Pakistan showed its dynamic ability by introducing its new packages suitable for people from different segments, like for students, professionals and businessmen it has introduced different contract packages and services at a wide range. Using innovation considering environmental aspects and technological changes it improved the characteristics of its services. To meet the requirements of internal and external organizational skills and competences Telenor Pakistan has widely apparent Strategic Management roles. Telenor Pakistans dynamic approach has a notion called Learning which is a continuing process of implementation of tasks and work performances that are ad hoc by knowing loops from past understandings and retrieving it with new expansions to it move on faster. Developing Strategic Competence Telenor always kept recognising the customers provision regarding the services and the products with the change in environment and market structure. Through a tactical approach Telenor Pakistan has enhanced its work process and developed it capabilities in an efficient format to achieve strategic advantage over its competitors. Organizational Learning To persuade the skills under common culture to achieve a common goal Telenor Pakistan gives facts and figures of experience, know-how, services and procedures. Awareness Developing At Telenor Pakistan every employee is trained to know their roles and responsibilities by working according to a purpose of strategy. Learning Outcome # 2 Attracting, recruiting and selecting talent Process for Recruitment and Selection At Telenor Pakistan, the beliefs are to reveal the hidden human talent by building expertise and by providing an energetic atmosphere. The plan is to discover young talent and furnish it with the competencies that are necessary in this fast paced market. The Career Management Workshop (CMW) of Telenor Pakistan is an effort to teach students on making an improved curriculum and efficiently presenting themselves in interviews. Hence Telenor Pakistan is giving them a breakthrough in the corporate sector. The recruitment panel evaluates the applicants on the basis of a skill framework to hire the best. To date Telenor Pakistan enjoys a very nice mix of talent from local and international universities. The hiring process of Telenor Pakistan has the following steps: Hiring funnel Advertising/C.V Collecting/ Talent hunt Screening / Short listing General Test (Line Recruitment) TST, PPA or Simulation Interview Candidate Finalization Offer Acceptance On-Boarding Cronhach, 2005 A test is a systematic procedure for comparing the behaviour of two or more persons. (Ved Prakash (2005) A handbook of Human Resource Management 2005) The recruitment process takes 6-8 weeks Before applying for any position, it is very important for the graduates to assess themselves and recognize their interests, their strengths, and those avenues that they may like to discover, short the candidates need to have a strong sense of their career track. When an applicant comes for an interview, its strongly suggested that they must reconsider and be able to give reason for all they have stated on their curriculum. Telenor Pakistan believes in equal opportunity. At Telenor they have very diverse aptitude functioning for them that also include Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). The salary packages at Telenor Pakistan are very competitive and Telenor has the best insurance policy for its employees as compare to its competitors. It gives laptops, Telenor SIM card and a Mobile phone to all its interns. it also provides transportation for female interns. In addition to make their internship a superior learning course, they are given projects that they have to submit before their internship ends. The criteria for short listing a candidate is not only their GPA but Telenor also we look for approach and hire for skills. Its internship program caters students who are at present studying but not the graduated batches. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program3.php) HR Strategy of Telenor Pakistan THE CULTURAL AFFECT OF HR TO ITS RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF STAFF The strategies of Telenor make it CULTURALLY COMPATIBLE to the HR of different nations wherever it has set up its business. These strategies are as following General Set-Up At Telenor all the employees are given great respect where the manager shakes hand with the cleaner. At Telenor Pakistan the CEO, VPs, Directors, Managers, Executives and Officers all share the same workspace and the same privileges. Absence of physical dividers translates into reduced communication barriers. In coincidence with the practice of Late Mughal King Jahangir who used to hear the appeals of his subordinates whoever has any complaint a big bell with a string on the main door has been placed of offices as cultural symbol in Pakistani Telenor offices. It is for the idea that anyone who feels himself satisfied with Telenor services can ring the bell. Recruitment Telenor believes in equal opportunity and maintain FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. The hiring principle in Telenor is same all through the world. As in different countries the knowledge, abilities and skills of people are different hence Telenor adopts different recruitment priorities. Talking the example of Pakistan we see that the university level education is cheaper compared to EU countries. Moreover Pakistan is blessed with a pool of graduates and post-graduates students, so obviously more skilled and educated individuals are hired. Telenor has mostly graduates in jobs in Europe. As creativity and brightness is vital by service sector which is more frequently found in Asian countries Telenor prefers to hire young and skilful individuals over elderly experienced in Asian countries. The middle aged people in Asian countries are less excited and bright. However people in EU remain enthusiastic and bright for a relatively longer period of time. Currently about 80% of staff at Telenor is young generation. Training In European Telenor setups training system is much energetic. Telenor is not carrying out best training in Asia because less revenue is generated in the markets. Especially in Pakistan training is always ignored by all. However Telenor for its employees keeps on conducting 1 day training during their career with it. Job Duties Equal and uniform strategies are carried out everywhere in Telenor. The requirements of the duties are same at and Telenor offers flexible work hours to its employees in its customers service call centres. Everyone is remunerated on good performance in financial units as well as acknowledgment and applaud. Its reward system is same everywhere. Up to Rs.1, 000,000 medical insurance for self and family is provided for free to all employees. Telenor prefers to retain young and healthy employees because there are more health problems in elderly in Asian countries. Instead of pension plans Telenor provides provident funds. Learning outcome # 3 Culture and its effects on employees Culture is the characteristic way of behaving and believing that a group of people in a country or region (or firm) have evolved over time and share. (Dennis R. Briscoe Randall S. SCHULER (2004) Cultural Compatibility Telenor do value the culture of its company bases in Pakistan by having the policy to gift complete Hajj package for two employees every year it also arranges AFTAR for its staff in Ramadan. Telenor Pakistan promotes a smart casual dress code, empowering its employees with the right to choose whatever they feel comfortable with. Even in inter-province cultural differences, for example in Telenor Quetta is interesting where employees arent asked to wear suits. They wear TUNIC AND PREACHES (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program1.php) Strategic Human Resource Planning Humans are the basic resource for having competitive edge in the market for the majority of the organizations and Telenor Pakistan is one of these. With one of the best HR structure in Pakistan that gives it an edge over its competitors. HR strategy refers to the specific human resource management course of actions that a company follows to achieve its objectives. We will see how these strategies are formulated and applied at Telenor Pakistan. In Telenor Pakistan the HR process is done in accordance with its mission. The first step that HR planners do is rife the culture of Telenor. The do the SWOT analysis of the company and the current market and then on basis of SWOT the Telenor strategic plan is established. With the overall companys strategic plan HR strategies are formulated at the end. LEARNING OUTCOME # 4 LEGAL REQUIREMENT FOR HUMAN RESOURCES Recruitment Process All companies in the Telenor Group handle their own recruitment and selection. Telenor Pakistan believes that a talented and loyal workforce plays a crucial role in the organizations ongoing business success. Telenor is very keen to hire very skilled personnels. This is why recruiting process is very meaningful for the HR department of Telenor. Telenor provides equal opportunity chances to everyone. Recruitment process of Telenor is unbiased. Manual to Internet recruiting In the past Telenor were doing manual recruitment all over the world. It is so expensive the organization and also spent so much time on it. They recruit the people through advertising in magazine newspaper and so many other resources. But now with the passage of time Telenor has started online recruitment all over the world as well as in Pakistan. Online recruitment is very important for the progress of the country. And Telenor is playing major role in it. Its online recruitment process is very easy and useful. Because online recruitment takes less time as compare to manual recruitment. There are few steps for online recruitment process in Telenor Pakistan. THE WORK LIFE BALANCE The work life balance means that making a balance between your work life and your home life. There could be many reasons of changing in working practice of an organisation. Following are few factors responsible for changes in working practices over recent times. CULTURAL DIVERSITY ISSUES SKILSS SHORTAGE DEMOGRAPHICS CUSTOMER DEMANDS THE MARKET PLACE How Telenor helps the work life balance Telenor helps its employees to keep a vigorous balance between their personal and professional lives. Telenor Pakistan have enables most of its employees to work virtually from remote locations by its IT systems and tools. For fun, employees at key locations enjoy working out at the gym, playing video games, pool, and regular leisure and sports activities, such as cricket matches and adventure trips. There are away-days where employees go out away from their offices, to bond and work in a fun way. Creating an ideal work environment We support a work environment characterized by high job-satisfaction, opportunities for personal and professional development, and low rate of medical leave and injuries. Health, Safety and Working Environment Management System Telenor Safety Security Department has been recognized at the Group level for its vigorous performance. They identify and reduce work related risks and promote overall well-being at work in addition they take care of employee health and safety at all times. Our recent safety and security initiatives for employees included consciousness campaigns on the environment, substance abuse, allergies, first aid, fire safety and study related to relation between workers and their environments. http://www.telenor.com.pk/cr/pdf/crreport2007.pdf PROCESS TO BE FOLLOWED IN A GRIEVANCE SITUATION Management at Telenor Pakistan Stress with all employees at work takes place in every competitive market, no matter if it is small or its big. The plan should to manage it not to eliminate it. Worldwide many companies have plan and qualified staff, enthusiastic departments to help workers deal with work-related stress. Telenor Pakistan has a qualified team of doctors who work with workforce to help control their pressure as well as an in-house counsellor. I you look for expert opinion you are not going mad. Telenor Pakistan ensures 100% privacy during our counselling meetings. Internal Value Creation (IVC) plays an important part in many of Telenor Pakistans core organizational development processes. This is mainly an employee study accomplished yearly to take proposition / advice on how to progress the processes and job environment at Telenor, together with the anxiety issues. Indication to watch out for:, behavioural, Physical and emotional. If you feel you are feeling tired or angry or depressed, it is ok to talk to a counsellor. He/ She will merely assist you recognize the real grounds of suffering and advice steps to overcome them. For its workers Telenor Pakistan cares very much by giving an open atmosphere however at the spot explicit thinking rooms particularly designed to give an flee for inspired thoughts. Company threshold features periodical health guidelines written by in-house doctors for workers. Global organisations help their workforce to manage pressure by granting yearly leaves, medical cover as well as anxiety management workshops. Particular programme are planned especially to stop tension at work at Telenor Pakistan There are special classes for workers of yoga after work shifts. Telenor provides domestic leisure services also Gym facility is provided in the office building. In order travel for work staff cars are given this facility is especially for employees with disability and also for female workers. Internal sports competition, festive events for National Days and Mango Day, etc. are arranged by the social club in Telenor Pakistan. To relax and watch movies a particular domestic theatre has been provided for Customer Relations (CR). A unique counsel for drivers is also in progress. Contingency planning At Telenor Pakistan they have business unforeseen event procedure to make sure they are capable to handle outside risks and pressure. Telenor also offers its workers a 24 by 7 hotline, examined by the Safety and Security team. Previous year Telenor Pakistan put in place a complete business continuity structure. At present Telenor Pakistan is planning a superior disaster management exercise. On-site medical care For its employees and female workers Telenor Pakistan provides 24 hours on call home health service that is a remarkable and a unique facility Telenor provides. This is also its competitive edge. Telenor is also in the process of organising at the spot dental check-ups its also organising a vaccination program. (http://www.telenor.com.pk/careers/program2.php) CHALLENGES Telenor faces a lot of challenges with the ever increasing needs of HR. It is really hard to employ and keep the most excellent candidates particularly around the world. The global companies face many disputes regarding the cultural uniqueness of respective countries. They have to adjust culturally to the environment of respective countries. The organization is exposed to many challenges to make them perform at their best when even hiring the HR staff for that country. CONCLUSION After deeply studying the Human resource Department (HRD) of Telenor Pakistan, I consent that Telenor Pakistan is carrying out realistic ethnically compatible approach for its HR. Though its not promoting the cultural identity programme that insistently, but even then it is facing fewer cultural disagreements among its HR. The may be the reason that Telenor is only operating in two markets that are Asia and Europe. The European marketplace holds almost the identical cultures moreover three (3) of its Asian market countries are Muslims. I came through very extraordinary facts concerning managing any companys Human Resource. I think that managing a spirited and culture friendly Human Resource in a spirited worldwide market is a hard job. However, so far, Telenor Pakistan is quite successful in recruiting and retaining astonishingly gifted Human Resource worldwide.

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Essay -- essays research papers fc

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel In 1770 A.D. an inspiring German idealist philosopher, who became one of the most influential thinkers of the 19th century. Hegel was born in Stuttgart on August 27, 1770, the son of a revenue officer with the civil service. He was brought up in an atmosphere of Protestant Pietism and became thoroughly acquainted with the Greek and Roman classics while studying at the Stuttgart gymnasium. Encouraged by his father to become a clergyman, Hegel entered the seminary at the University of TÃ ¼bingen in 1788. There he developed friendships with the poet Friedrich HÃ ¶lderlin and the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling. Having completed a course of study in philosophy and theology and having decided not to enter the ministry, Hegel became a private tutor in Berne, Switzerland. In 1797, he assumed a similar position in Frankfurt. Two years later his father died, leaving a financial legacy that was sufficient to free him from tutoring. In 1801, Hegel went to the University of Jena, where he studied, wrote, and eventually became a lecturer. At Jena, he completed The Phenomenology of Mind, one of his most important works. He remained at Jena until October 1806, when the city was taken by the French and he was forced to flee. Having spent the entire legacy left to him by his father, Hegel became editor of the Bamberger Zeitung in Bavaria. However, he disliked journalism, and moved to Nuremberg, where he served for eight years as headmaster of a Gymnasium. During the Nuremberg years Hegel met and married Marie von Tucher. Three children were born to the Hegels, a daughter, who died soon after birth, and two sons, Karl and Immanuel. While at Nuremberg, Hegel published over a period of several years The Science of Logic. In 1816, Hegel accepted a professorship in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Soon after, he published a summary of a systematic statement of his entire philosophy entitled Encyclopedia of the P hilosophical Sciences in Outline. In 1818, Hegel was invited to teach at the University of Berlin, where he was to remain. He died in Berlin on November 14, 1831, during a cholera epidemic. After Hegel's death there was a great clash of intellectuals which the Hegelian theologian David Strauss called the clash between "the Left Hegelians and the Right Hegelians." The Left Hegelians were atheists, led b... ... how Marx's theories were based upon some of the opinions expressed by Hegel. Hegel considered the State a symbol the Absolute Truth. He held that the State should be worshipped as the will of God. Furthermore, he suggested that the ideal form of government was a constitutional monarchy. While placing limits upon the monarch, thereby preventing a tyranny, it allows a single person to act for the good of the State. A constitution codifies the will of the people and the rights of the individual. By melding the "I" and the "We" into a common set of principals, the constitution represents the Absolute Mind -- as close to Absolute Truth as humans can be. The monarch is limited to actions in accord with divine logic, Hegel concluded. To be brief and to the point, I think Georg Hegel was a very intelligent man, but a hypocrite. From my research, it seems he just keeps changing his opinions or beliefs on things. It just bothered me, to read about how he thought about it this way then years later he changes it, very troubling. Works Cited 1. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/#Conc 2. http://www.hegel.org/ 3. http://nookie.com 4. http://www.securepornoutlet.com

How To Deal With A Person Who Essay -- essays research papers

How to deal with a person who is angry? We are taught to control our emotional feelings when we are young. We learn to be polite, patient, and hide our anger to people in everyday life. Most of us express our feelings indirectly: slamming doors, sullen silence, or snubbing others. Therefore, it is important to learn how to release anger in safe but effective ways. Unexpressed anger can smolder, causing stress and affecting physical health. After all, anger can escalate into violence. So, when we are dealing with a person who is angry, here are some strategies we can use: understand his/her anger, communicate with him/her, and help him/her to express the anger. First of all, when we are dealing with someone who is angry, try to understand what his/her anger is. If we are talking with an angry person, the first thing we have to do to control ourselves is not to be involved in his/her strong emotions. So, calm down, and ask why he/she is mad and listen to what he/she wants to say to us. Understanding the elements and the background that make this person angry makes it easier for us to communicate with him/her. Do not try to ask someone who is already angry to calm down; it is the same as asking someone who is sobbing not to cry. Secondly, try to communicate with him/her. It is possible to deal with anger by talking with someone. So, when we are trying to help an angry person, try to talk with positive manners. For example, avoid blaming, or accusing him by putting him on the ...

Reading & Writing Habits Essay

I really don’t read or write that often. I have probably read about a total of ten books throughout my entire life. I usually read for about one hour of accumulated time during a day. When I read it is usually something online from websites such as ESPN.com. I read things that are interesting to my mind like sports. Some fictional pieces aren’t bad too. When I am reading about sports I soak up the information and stories like a sponge with water. This happens because I have loved sports since I was about five years old. I need to learn how to apply the same ability when I read things that aren’t interesting to me. Sometimes I will read slower and maybe even take notes so I can remember and understand boring things to me. The only time I ever write is if I am texting on my phone or typing on the computer. When I text on the phone I don’t use good grammar, punctuation, or spelling. The reason I write so improperly on texts is for the speed and my friends usually understand what I am saying without it having to be proper. The typing on the computer I do is usually for school so I do proof read and revise items for mistakes. When I am writing for assignments in school it isn’t free writing that just comes from my mind. I have to do research and put work into the writings which isn’t fun. I like free writing whatever is on my mind. I would like to start writing because it is something new to do. Instead of doing the same old thing when I am bored, I can write. Writing can be relaxing and it can exercise the mind. Hopefully taking an English class in college will urge me start writing and reading more books to further my skills in reading and writing. Our English teacher Dr. Roy-Davis expects us to write regularly, she writes, â€Å"at least one draft or essay each we ek† (Roy-Davis). This would be huge change to me considering I don’t write any essays at all. If I start writing an essay every week it would most likely be about the events that happened to me during the week. Sometimes the essay might be exciting which would mean something good happened in my life. Other times I might have trouble writing something which means my week sucked. She says, â€Å"writing requires discipline† (Roy-Davis). One example is being able to sit in one place and think of sentences for long periods of time. That sounds kind of boring to me but if it helps me become a better writer I am willing to do whatever it takes. I have to set my own goals according to Dr. Roy-Davis. She suggests, â€Å"four hours a week in two hour sessions† (Roy-Davis). My time is very limited since I have a busy schedule due to work and school. I will try to start with that goal but I might have to change it if I start slacking in other things in my life. Dr. Roy-Davis states, â€Å" the most important skill of writing I can teach you is reading† (Roy-Davis). I would agree that reading is very important to writing because it influences the way you write. If you’re a strong reader you’re most likely a strong writer. The more someone reads they pick up on ways to write. Their pieces will sound more articulate and professional than before they became a strong reader. Reading and writing help each other through revision. Noted in the book Ways of Reading by David Bartholomae and Anthony Petrosky, â€Å"once you have completed a draft of your essay, you can step back, see what you have done, and go back to work on it. Through this activity-writing and rewriting-we have seen our students become strong, active, and critical readers† (Bartholomae 4). I agree with this completely because when I first write drafts I don’t even realize all the grammar, punctuation, and spelling mistakes that I make. When I go back and revise it I take note of these mistakes and correct them. This makes me become a better reader and writer. Becoming a better reader and writer through revising allows me to be more time efficient on essays(less drafts) and the overall product(final essay) sound better when reading it. Bartholomae and Petrosky also mention that you can read with the grain or against the grain. In their book Ways of Reading, Bartholomae and Petrosky wrote â€Å"To read generously, to work inside someone else’s system, to see your world in some else’s terms-we call this â€Å"reading with the grain†Ã¢â‚¬  (Bartholomae 10). To read against the grain, is to read critically, to turn back, to ask questions they believe might come as a surprise, to look for the limits of the author’s vision, to provide alternate readings, to find examples that challenge the argument, to engage in dialogue.† I tend to read with the grain, when I read sports stories I am usually in agreement with the author’s piece and seeing their point of view. Same with books too, I put myself in the author’s system and try to realize where they are coming from. I don’t read against the grain too often unless it is something that I totally disagree with. Most of the time the pieces that I read I don’t challenge or argue with because I tend to think the author know what he/she is talking about. Instead of challenge the author I try to see where their point of view is coming from therefore I read with the grain than against. I am willing to be more open and try to start reading against the grain though. I need to start asking â€Å"why† to some of the things I read. My whole goal is to change my reading and writing habits for the better. I want to expand my knowledge in the skills of reading and writing. By learning habits from Dr. Roy-Davis, Bartholomae, and Petrosky I can be more creative with writings and be able to read upper level material. With the habits I have had in reading and writing throughout my life I haven’t gotten very far in English classes. I agree with Dr. Roy-Davis, Bartholomae, and Petrosky with these new habits and I need to start following them. I am determined to change my habits to become a superior reading and writer. Work Cited Bartholomae, David; Petrosky, Anthony. â€Å"Ways of Reading.† An Anthology for Writers. 9th Ed. Bedford/St. Martin’s. Boston; New York, 2011. 1-19. Print Roy-Davis, Dr. â€Å"Engl 1301 Course Description.† 2011.

Freedom of speech from the perspective of mass media, to what extend it has been practiced in Malaysia? Essay

Introduction Mass media are means of communications (as newspapers, radio, or television) that is designed to reach the mass of the people1. Besides playing the role to inform individual with news, the media together with a sound legal system and an independent judiciary is part of a triumvirate that is essential for a well-functioning democracy2. In a democratic system of government, mass media is performing a number of essential functions. First, they serve on information or surveillance function. Second, they serve an agenda-setting and interpretation function. Third, they help us to create and maintain connections with various groups in society. Fourth, they help us to socialize and to educate us. Fifth, they persuade us to buy certain items or accept certain ideas. Sixth, they entertain us. Freedom is the power or right to act, speak or think freely. We are now living a media culture and its influence is become very pervasive. The number of hours we spend on the media is mind-boggling. Although the freedom of the media should not be in toto, yet the degree of the freedom of the media will affect the function of the media. Citizens of countries that are democratic see media freedom as a right, not a privilege. Nevertheless, there is no mention of freedom of the press or freedom of the electronic media in our Constitution. However, freedom of media to exercise its role and functions in society has been enshrined as a fundamental human right by way of recognition for the right to freedom of speech, expression and opinion.3 Pre-independence In 1930-1940, there are nearly 80 newspaper and magazines published in the Malay State, such as Utusan Melayu, Saudara, Warta Malaya and Majlis. In Warta Malaya, it published article that talk about the social and economic problems faced by the Malay. However, it did not ask for the British to be chased out. The newspaper, Majlis, discussed the political issues. Majlis not only brings to the awakening and fights for Malays right, their office became the place for the nationalist to meet up and exchange their thoughts. In the newspapers Saudara, there was a column named ‘Persaudaraan Sahabat Pena’ where the Malay readers exchanged their point of view. British was worried on the development of this column and therefore took the step to  overseen those who involved in the said column. In view of the number of publications that existed during the time and the situation whereby those newspapers are free to discussed any issues, and the fact that the newspapers has played a vital role in the movement towards independence, we can conclude that under the administration of British, the media was enjoying the freedom of speech. The law on the freedom of speech became clearer during the time prior to independence. Certain law has been introduced to the Malay State. One of the laws which governed the freedom of speech at that time was the Sedition Act 1948. Section 4 of the Act makes it an offence to make, prepare, or to conspire, to do a seditions act, to utter seditious words, and to propagate or import any seditious publications. Section 3 provides that a seditious tendency is one which tends to (a) bring hatred or contempt to the government or excite disaffection against any Ruler or government, (b) excite the countrymen to revolt, (c) bring into hatred or contempt or excites disaffection against administration of justice, (d) raise discontent or disaffection among the countrymen, or (e) promote feelings of ill-will and hostility amongst the inhabitants of the country. Besides, there were two ordinances specifically deal with the printed media at that time, i.e. Printing Press Act 1948 (Ord 12 of 1948) and Control of Imported Publications Act 1958 (Ord 14 of 1955). The former deal with the publisher in the Malay State while the later governing the printed material from other country. Those laws were limiting freedom of speech of the media at the British colonial the light of the freedom of speech only shine at the colonial since 1956, when an attempt to draft a Federal Constitution started. The recommendations were submitted by Reid Commission in 1956-1957 Reports. In the report, there were two paragraphs provides under the title ‘Fundamental Rights’ 161. A Federal Constitution defines and guarantees the right of the Federation and the states; it is usual and in our opinion right that it should also define and guarantee certain fundamental individual right which  are generally regarded as essential conditions for a free and democratic way of life. The rights which are recommend should be defined and guaranteed are all firmly established now throughout Malaysia and it may seen unnecessary to give them special protection in the Constitution. But we found in certain quarters vague apprehension about the future. We believe such apprehensions to be unfound, but there can be no objection to guaranteeing these rights subject to limited exceptions in conditions of emergency and we recommend that this should be done†¦.. 162. our recommendations afford means of redress, readily available to any individual, against unlawful infringements of personal liberty in any of its aspects†¦ we further recommend (Art 10) that freedom of speech and expression should be guaranteed to all citizens subject to restrictions in the interest of security, public order or morality or in relation to incitement, defamation or contempt of court†¦ For the Malaysian citizen, the objectives of those who framed the Federal Constitution were but little affected by the epidemic of human rights in the Western world4. It has been observed that the commission’s recommendation on the freedom of speech has been vague, particularly on the importance of the rights. The commission only devoted two paragraphs. The reason why it was so was clear in the paragraph itself. The draft Article 10 in our Constitution was as follow: 10 (1) every citizen shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression, subject to any reasonable restriction imposed by federal law in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order, or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation, or incitement to any offence. Mr. Justice Abdul Hamid on his note of dissent stated that â€Å"the word ‘reasonable’ wherever it occurs before the word ‘restrictions’ in the three sub-clauses of Article 10 should be omitted. Right to freedom of speech, assembly, and association has been guaranteed subject to restrictions which may be imposed in the interest of security of the country, public order and morality. If the Legislature imposes any restrictions in the interest of the aforesaid matters, considering those restrictions to be reasonable, that legislation should not be challengeable in a court of law on the ground that the restrictions are not reasonable. The Legislature alone should be the judge of what is  reasonable under the circumstances. If the word ‘reasonable’ is allowed to stand, every legislation on this subject will be challengeable in court on the ground that the restrictions imposed by the legislature are not reasonable. This will in many cases give rise to conflict between the views of Legislature and the views of the court on the reasonableness of the restrictions. To avoid a situation like that it is better to make the Legislature the judge of the reasonableness of the restrictions. If this is not done the legislatures of the country will not be sure of the state of the law which they will enact. There will always be fear that the court may hold the restrictions imposed by it to be unreasonable. The laws would be lacking in certainty.† Later, when the Constitution comes into force, the Article 10 provides that: (1) subject to clause (2): (a) Every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (2) Parliament may by law impose: – (a) on the rights conferred by paragraph (a) of clause (1), such restrictions as it deems necessary or expedient in the interest of the security of the Federation, friendly relations with other countries, public order or morality and restrictions designed to protect the privileges of Parliament or of any legislative Assembly or to provide against contempt of courts, defamation, or incitement to any offence; There are one case regarding to press reported prior to independence i.e. Public Prosecutor v. The Straits Times Press Ltd5 In this case, upon the application of the Public Prosecutor, the Respondents, who are the proprietors of the Straits Times Press Ltd, were alleged contempt in publishing a report of the trial of Tan Seng Ann of the Straits Times dated 5 August 1948. The report appeared which, it is now admitted, was misleading and inaccurate in that it gave the impression, contrary to the facts, that the first step in the proceedings in that case was a voluntary confession by Tan Seng Ann that he was in possession of a fire-arm and that his arrest was made solely as the result of such voluntary confession in the issue. The Notice of Motion having set out the terms of the letter complained of went on to allege inter alia that the criminal case referred to in the letter was sub judice when the letter was published in that an appeal was pending; that the terms of the letter did not constitute a fair or accurate account of the trial nor fair comment  thereon; and that its publication tended to prejudice the fair disposal of the proceedings and tended to bring into contempt the administration of justice by that Court. Spenser-Wilkinson J held that: â€Å"†¦I would hesitate to follow too closely the decisions of English Courts on this subject without first considering whether the relevant conditions in England and this country are at all similar. Quite apart from the present emergency in this country, I do not think it could be suggested that the development of the Press, the general standard of education or the composition of the general public in the two countries are at all comparable and it may, therefore, be necessary to take a stricter view here of matters which pertain to the dignity of the Courts and the impartial administration of justice than would be taken at the present time in England.† Newly Independence (1957-1980) At this period, Art 10 Federal Constitution has been amended twice. The first amendment was on 19636 where the words ‘Clause (2) and (3)’ had been substituted for the words ‘clause (2)’ of clause (1) with effect from 16 September 1963.and the words ‘or any part thereof’ were added to the Art10(2)(a). Further, clause (3) which provides that: â€Å"Restrictions on the right to form a associations conferred by paragraph (c) of clause (1) may also be imposed by any law relating to labour or education.† The second amendment was made on 19717 after considering the trouble of May 1969. This time, Clause (4) was added with effect from 10 March 1971. Article 10(4) provides that Parliament may pass laws prohibiting the questioning of four sensitive matters: right to citizenship under Part III of the Constitution; status of the Malay language; position and privileges of the Malays and the native of Sabah and Sarawak; and prerogatives of the Malay Sultans and the Ruling Chiefs of Negeri Sembilan. The constitutional changes enable Parliament to amend the Sedition Act of 1948 in order to add a new definition of ‘seditious tendency’8. The amended sections were: Section 3 (1) A seditious tendency is a tendency (f) To question any matter, right, status, position, privilege, sovereignty or prerogative established or protected by the provisions of Part III of the Federal Constitution or Article 152, 153 or 181 of the Federal Constitution Section 2 â€Å"seditious† when applied to or used in respect of any act, speech, words, publication or other thing qualifies the act, speech, words, publication or other thing as one having a seditious tendency; Official Secrets Act 1972 is a new law that be introduced at that time. This is the most important statute on government secrecy. The gist of the law is that ‘official secrets’ cannot be received, retained, released or used without prior authorization.9 The Act is drafted in the widest possible terms and is not limited in its operation to spies, saboteurs, traitors and mercenaries. The term ‘official secret’ is not defined in the Act. The courts have given the term the broadest possible definition, and on the generally accepted construction any communication pertaining to the Executive would constitute an offence.10 The right to free speech can be further eclipsed by the special provisions of Art 149 and 150 relating to subversion and emergency. Art 149 authorises legislative action designed to stop or prevent subversion, organized violence and crimes prejudicial to the public. Art 150 permits any legislative action required by reason of emergency. The grounds enumerated above permitting curtailment of free speech are so broad and comprehensive that in 49 years no Act of parliament even been found by the courts to have violated the Constitution. Besides printed media, television was introduced in Malaysia in 1963. The television was under the control of the Department of Broadcasting (RTM). What is apparent is that television and more generally broadcasting in Malaysia was form its inception closely aligned to the government. Both the RTM channel were established via decisions made by the then Alliance coalition government. Because of the circumstances at that time, there was no any specifics rule to govern the broadcasting. One of the cases that being heard at that time was Melan bin Abdullah v Public Prosecutor.11 The fact of the case was that On 6 April 1971 the Utusan Melaya newspaper published a report of a talk given by given by Inche Musa Hitam, a prominent Malay leader and member of Parliament, at the National Education Congress held in the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur.. In the report was an editorial sub-heading, which in the English translation reads: â€Å"Abolish Tamil or Chinese medium schools in this country.† The first appellant was the editor-in-chief of the Utusan Melayu,  and the second appellant the author of the sub-heading inserted in the report. Sanction for their prosecution was given under s 5(1) of the Sedition Act 1948, and they were tried in due course in the special sessions court on a charge of publishing a seditious publication in contravention of s 4(1)(C) of the Sedition Act, punishable under the same section. The learned special president held the publication to be seditious, that the first appellant â€Å"was responsible for all publication in the Utusan Melayu†, that the second appellant was the author of the impugned subheading, and that consequently they were both guilty. They were convicted and fined the sum of $500 and $1,000 respectively, in default one month and two months’ imprisonment, both appellant appealed. CJ Ong, on hearing of the appeal accepted the first appellant evidence that he had organised seminars and discussions, relating in particular to the â€Å"sensitive issues† and had instructed his staff on the relevant law as he understood it. He had sponsored a talk to journalists given on this subject in February 1971 by the Attorney General as well as the Solicitor-General. Therefore, the first respondent appeal was allowed. But the court dismissed the second respondent appeal. Another case is Public Prosecutor v Straits Times (Malaya) Bhd.12 The Public Prosecutor applied in this case for leave to issue a writ or writs of attachment for contempt of court on the respondents for publication of articles in The Straits Times. The grounds upon which relief was sought was that â€Å"the publications of the said articles contain matters which are tendentious and constitute contempt of court, because they are prejudicing and embarrassing the applicant in the exercise of his statutory functions and also prejudicing a fair trial concerning the circumstances of the death of one Robert Lee.† Abdul Hamid J held that: ‘I do not think that it is reasonable to construe these words as having any special meaning. There is no dispute that the reports do reveal that there had been an assault, a commotion and firing of a shot and that allegedly, a police officer was involved. But these facts are not challenged. As regards the previous episode encountered by Robert Lee there is nothing to show that this was not true. Further it is not uncommon for newspapers to publish matters concerning scholastic achievement of and other good deeds rendered by a person on his death particularly if  the dead person enjoys a certain standing in the community or he is in one way or another related to any prominent personality. For that reason it is unreasonable to isolate certain passages from the reports and construe them unfavourably or to impute improper motive on the publisher. What may appear to be an embarrassment or prejudicial if that part is read in isolation may not be so if the reports are read as a whole taking into account the circumstances surrounding such publication particularly if it relates to a matter which will promote public sensation or a matter of unusual occurrence.† The application was therefore dismissed. Malaysia under Tun Dr. Mahathir (1981-2002) Over this period, more laws are introduced and come into force to govern the media. In 1984, Printing Presses and Publications Act came into force on the 1st of September 1984 as a consolidating Act, and in turn repealed the Printing Presses Act 1948 and the Control of Imported Publications Act 1958. The Act is designed ‘to regulate the use of printing, presses and the printing, importation, production, reproduction, publishing and distribution of publications and for matters connected there with’. Through such control, the government uses it power to determine what it is the public has a right to know, or exactly what form freedom of speech should take13. This is an Act designed clearly to ensure that the press does not get out of line, imposes both a system of licensing and censorship14. Section 3 of the Act makes it mandatory to obtain a license to own a printing press. The Minister has absolute discretion on giving, refusing, and revoking a license15. Further, judicial review of the Minister’s discretion is not allowed16 and the Minister is not required to give the parties a prior hearing 17. The period of the license is 12 months or shorter period as minister specifies18. This means that all publishers in this country must suffer the pangs of uncertainty about whether their permit will be renewed for the following year. There is less control of what may be written in foreign publications, controls have been exercised through deliberate delay in distribution and sometimes outright ban on their sale where officials deemed reports to be offensive or inaccurate19. In 1988, another law governing the media came into force on 1st August i.e. The Broadcasting Act 1988. The preamble to the Act states: ‘An act to provide for the control of  broadcasting services and for matters connected therewith’. The Act is both stringent and inflexible. It bestows enormous powers on the government to determine the type of television made available to the Malaysian public. In the midst of the supposed ‘deregulation’ of broadcasting, the Act now gives the Minister of Information virtually total powers to determine who will and who will not broadcast and the nature of the broadcast material. Under the Act, any potential broadcaster would need to apply for a licence from the minister beforehand. Later, the Act was amended on October 1996. By the amendment, this already-stringent piece of legislation were aimed at taking into account the introduction of new services, such as cable and satellite television, satellite radio, pay TV and video-on demand. Due to the drastic development in the electronic media, the Legislature has to repeal the old Telecommunication Act 1950 and the Broadcasting Act 1988 and introduced a new law which is the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998. The Act’s breakthrough was to bring together the previously disparate industries of broadcasting, telecommunications and internet services combined under legislation and more importantly, one regulator the Communications and Multimedia commission.20 The Communication and Multimedia Act brings to the creation of Communication and Multimedia Commission Act 1998. the Communication and Multimedia Commission performing several functions including advising the Minister all matters concerning the national policy objectives for communication and multimedia activities and implementing and enforcing the provisions of the communications and multimedia law. Interestingly, Information Malaysia 1980-81 and Information Malaysia 1985 revealed that between 1981 and 1985 alone, the number of titles of local newspapers, magazines, and journals in circulation increased from 56 to 10221. However, the increase in number cannot be the proof supporting the allegation that during that time, the media was enjoying freedom of speech. There are some facts that we should not forget. In 1987, during the Operasi Lalang, a number of newspapers were closed by the government22. Later, Harakah being categorizes as publications of political parties meant for party members and there is law forbids the publication being openly sold to the public. Besides, Barisan Nasional owned and controlled major Malaysian media organization. Further, prior to Dato Seri Anwar’s sacking, expulsion, and detention, the editor of Utusan Malaysia and Berita Harian, and the  director of operations of TV3 were forced to resign because they were allied to Anwar. In 1990, there was a case of Aliran Kesedaran23 In this case, the respondents had applied for a permit under s 6(1) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 to print and publish in Bahasa Malaysia a magazine under the name and style of Seruan Aliran. The application was refused by the Minister of Home Affairs. The respondents applied for an order of certiorari to remove into the High Court for the purpose of quashing the decision of the Minister and for an order of mandamus directing the Minister to hear and determine the application for the permit according to law. The High Court made an order quashing the decision of the Minister and ordered that the Minister shall hear and determine according to law the application for the permit. The appellant appealed. The court allowing the appeal and held that; ‘Section 12(2) of the Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 gives the Minister of Home Affairs ‘absolute discretion to refuse an application for a license or permit’. So unless it can be clearly established that the Minister for Home Affairs had in any way exercised his discretion wrongfully, unfairly, dishonestly or in bad faith, the High Court cannot question the discretion of the Minister.† One of the significant cases during this period was the case of Irene Fernandez. The facts were that in 1995, Tenaganita released a report documenting beatings, sexual violence against detainees by prison guards, and inadequate food and water in Malaysia’s immigration detention camp. Irene Fernandez was arrested and charged with malicious publication of false news under the Printing Presses and Publications Act. Magistrate Juliana Mohamed found Irene guilty and was sentence to one year imprison. Current Situation (2003-2006) Between these periods of time, there is no any new law designed to control the media. However, recently, Government has released the Media Council Bill (2006) which seeks to ameliorate some of the worst excess of the Printing Presses and Publications Act in regard to the local media. On page 4 of the Bill, it was stated: â€Å"An Act to establish the Malaysian Press Council for the purpose of preserving, promoting and protecting the freedom of the Press, of maintaining and improving the ethical and professional journalistic standards of newspapers, press publications and news/press  agencies in Malaysia.† Nevertheless, there is fear in public that this piece of legislation will create another unnecessary public body with wide powers to curb press freedom despite its apparent duty to uphold that right. It might also act as a censorship board, only dealing with complaints against the press organisations and journalists and not against denial of freedom of expression by other entities such as ministers or organisations whose actions effectively suppress the right of freedom of expression. Besides, bear in mind that all the laws governing the media before this are still firmly in place and the main stream media also continue to be owned by interests directly or indirectly tied to the main component parties of the BN, especially UMNO and MCA. Some incidents happened during this time of period, showing to us that despite of the changes of the head of the Government, the media are not freer compared to the years before. The government shut down the Sarawak tribune for the editors made a mistake of reprinting caricatures of Prophet Muhammad following Muslim protests of a Danish paper that first published them. Another incident was that the Minister of Information, Datuk Zainuddin had sought the sacking of top NST editor at a meeting of UMNO’s information bureau because he was unhappy with the way the NST had played up certain issues such as the religious rights of minorities and the government’s policy on bumiputras.24 The government also delays in reviewing the publishing permit of the Oriental Daily and censor certain news that the government were not comfortable with. Moreover, the debate on Ninth Malaysia Plan was given wide publicity in the media, but it was the official view and rationale for the Plan that enjoyed one-sided coverage. The leader of the opposition who spoke foe six hours on the Plan did not get any substantive coverage.25 Another issue was that Tun Dr. Mahathir had called a press conference to express his deep disappointment after Datuk Seri Abdullah dismissed the ‘crooked bridge’ project. However, the mainstream media hardly covered it. Conclusions The freedom of the media has seen become more restrictive from the time prior to independence until now. At the early day, the British Colonial has a freer media compare to the media after independence. This might be because of the British regarded the individual freedom as up most important. When came to the early day after independence, the laws being designed were more restricted. However, this was understandable as the situation at that time, where Malaysia was in an Emergency. Unmindful speech might cause riot to the nation. Therefore, the government had to take step to prevent this. In 1970-1985, there was more cases on freedom of speech, after the stand of the courts are clear in these issues, there was lesser cases. During the time frame from 1981 to 2002, many laws were designed and many existing laws were amended. Tun Dr. Mahathir tried to justify this by saying that: ‘the truth is that there is no absolute press freedom anywhere in the world, be it in a liberal democratic country or in countries governed by dictators.†26 He further claimed that journalists and foreigners read a few newspapers which support the government and immediately concluded that there is no press freedom in Malaysia. This was in conjunction with his view points that: â€Å"Malaysian newspapers are free. But this freedom does not mean freedom to criticize the government alone. It also means freedom to support the government.†27 Further in Tun Dr. Mahathir speech at the national union of Journalists dinner on 15th June 1990, he stated that: ‘According to an old English proverb, power corrupt and absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely. If there are restrictions on press freedom, especially pertaining to reports on violence, sex and obscenity, then they are imposed because no one should be given absolute power. This is to prevent the possibility of ‘absolute corruption’. This constraint no way suggests there is no press freedom in Malaysia. Government leaders in this country have no absolute power. The people can change the government while the courts can reverse government decisions. Therefore, newspapers in Malaysia must accept these restrictions. This is done in the national interest and not aimed at destroying press  freedom†. It is true that freedom of the media has to be limited but over limiting will only result to a closed society. Looking at the current situation, many are thinking that the new government would promote media freedom in view of the government transparency policy. However, one should bear in mind that since Datuk Seri Abdullah took over the government until today, it was only three years passed. It is unfair to judge him at this moment. Whether or not there is free media under Datuk Seri Abdullah, we shall wait and see. Comparing to our nearest neighbor, Singapore, media in Malaysia enjoy more freedom. Singapore as a police state, the press is mobilized to explain and support the policies of the Singapore government, as an aid to development rather than assuming a counter-checking posture. In Chee Siok Chin case28, the Singapore court held that: â€Å"it bears emphasis that the phrase ‘necessary or expedient’ confers on Parliament an extremely wide discretionary power and remit that permits a multifarious and multifaceted approach towards achieving any of the purposes specified in Art 14(2) of the constitution. In contrast to the Indian Constitution, there can be no questioning of whether the Legislations are ‘reasonable’. The court’s sole task, when a constitutional challenge is advanced, is to ascertain whether an impugned law is within the purview of any of the permissible restrictions.† As for electronic media, the media Corporation of Singapore, an evolution from a series of government owned broadcast Corporations, dominances the broadcasting media. The PAP government guards the broadcast turf with rigour, grudgingly allowing foreigner broadcasters to operate for commercial and public relations reasons but legislating them off local politics. Today, Malaysian society has an economic level of existence which provides for basic needs, health facilities, adequate housing and equal opportunities to education. Therefore, there is no reason why freedom of speech and free media should be restricted. Values of freedom of expression, exposure to  critical thinking and the importance of a civil society should be emphasizes. 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